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BoP Lab / Classes / P2

P2 vs SRF3 vs FV vs EP pace at every track

Lap times across years say as much about the weather as the class. % of P2 is each class's best lap as a share of P2's on the same day, so the conditions drop out: 100% is level, less is quicker, and a move in it is the class getting faster or slower against the field.

Class · click a class to switch, + to compare alongside (up to 4: remove one to add another)
ASB-SpecvsEP×FAFCFE2FFFPvsFV×FXGT1GT2GTXHPPP2×SMSMXvsSRF3×STLSTUT1T2T3T4Show 51 inactive classes
Series
Reference · what % is measured against
Tracks · untick to narrow

Closest to the field: P2 100.0% of P2 Jeff Shafer, Daytona International Speedway Runoffs 2015 race · SRF3 104.6% of P2 Franklin Futrelle, Virginia International Raceway Runoffs 2022 race · FV 101.7% of P2 Andrew Whitston, Virginia International Raceway Runoffs 2022 race · EP 110.3% of P2 Jesse Prather, Virginia International Raceway Runoffs 2019 race

1:402:002:202:4028 rule changes between Runoffs 2018 and Runoffs 201928 ▾33 rule changes between Runoffs 2019 and Runoffs 202033 ▾28 rule changes between Runoffs 2020 and Runoffs 202128 ▾38 rule changes between Runoffs 2021 and Runoffs 202238 ▾25 rule changes between Runoffs 2022 and Runoffs 202325 ▾31 rule changes between Runoffs 2023 and Runoffs 202431 ▾18 rule changes between Runoffs 2024 and Runoffs 202518 ▾23 rule changes between Runoffs 2025 and Runoffs 202623 ▾P2 race best at Runoffs 2015: 1:52.355 (Jeff Shafer)Off the chart: P2 race best at Runoffs 2016: 1:20.904 (Jeff Shafer)P2 race best at Runoffs 2017: 1:32.481 (Jeff Shafer)P2 race best at Runoffs 2018: 1:32.071 (Chuck Bona)P2 race best at Runoffs 2019: 1:50.258 (Greg Gyann)P2 race best at Runoffs 2020: 2:09.793 (Robert Iversen)P2 race best at Runoffs 2021: 1:35.322 (Tim Day Jr)P2 race best at Runoffs 2022: 2:15.834 (Greg Gyann)P2 race best at Runoffs 2023: 1:48.829 (Lucian Pancea)P2 race best at Runoffs 2024: 2:08.322 (Bart Wolf)P2 race best at Runoffs 2026: 2:09.441 (Mike Reupert)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 1:51.825 (Chris Farrell)Off the chart: P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 1:20.188 (Jeff Shafer)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 1:31.826 (Jeff Shafer)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 1:28.784 (Tim Day Jr)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 1:49.111 (Robert Iversen)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 2:08.514 (Robert Iversen)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 1:33.235 (Tim Day Jr)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 1:47.566 (Tim Day Jr)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 1:48.590 (Greg Gyann)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 2:07.405 (Bart Wolf)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 2:10.606 (Greg Gyann)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2015: 2:10.215 (Chad Galloway)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2016: 1:34.947 (Cliff White)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2017: 1:49.782 (Tray Ayres)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2018: 1:47.053 (TJ Acker)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2019: 2:04.755 (Bobby Sak)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2020: 2:31.038 (Justin Hille)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2021: 1:50.095 (John Black)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2022: 2:22.066 (Franklin Futrelle)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2023: 2:04.911 (David Ogburn)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2024: 2:28.129 (S Sandy Satullo III)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2025: 2:29.839 (Morgan Burkhard)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2026: 2:29.257 (Peyton Long)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 2:08.557 (Kerry Jacobsen)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 1:34.363 (John Black)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 1:49.824 (John Black)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 1:46.117 (Robeson Clay Russell)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 2:04.624 (Brian Schofield)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 2:29.786 (TJ Acker)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 1:49.520 (Franklin Futrelle)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 2:03.716 (Franklin Futrelle)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 2:03.842 (Morgan Burkhard)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 2:27.773 (Denny Stripling)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2025: 2:28.226 (Bobby Sak)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 2:27.443 (Tyler Stephens)FV race best at Runoffs 2015: 2:21.142 (Andrew Whitston)FV race best at Runoffs 2016: 1:38.066 (Flinn Lazier)FV race best at Runoffs 2017: 1:55.923 (Michael Varacins)FV race best at Runoffs 2018: 1:53.639 (Alex Scaler)FV race best at Runoffs 2019: 2:18.289 (Zachary Whitston)FV race best at Runoffs 2020: 2:45.816 (Alex Scaler)FV race best at Runoffs 2021: 1:57.234 (Alex Scaler)FV race best at Runoffs 2022: 2:18.093 (Andrew Whitston)FV race best at Runoffs 2023: 2:16.611 (Andrew Abbott)FV race best at Runoffs 2024: 2:44.834 (Andrew Abbott)FV race best at Runoffs 2025: 2:46.736 (Zachary Whitston)FV race best at Runoffs 2026: 2:45.272 (Brian Farnham)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 2:21.167 (Roger Siebenaler)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 1:37.942 (Alex Scaler)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 1:55.759 (Michael Varacins)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 1:52.637 (Skip Streets)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 2:15.712 (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 2:43.994 (Hunter Phelps-Barron)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 1:57.479 (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 2:15.116 (Brian Farnham)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 2:15.639 (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 2:42.643 (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2025: 2:44.101 (Andrew Abbott)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 2:46.536 (Zachary Whitston)EP race best at Runoffs 2015: 2:05.109 (Kip Van Steenburg)EP race best at Runoffs 2016: 1:34.266 (Michael Galati)EP race best at Runoffs 2017: 1:50.396 (Matt Reynolds)EP race best at Runoffs 2018: 1:46.518 (Glen McCready)EP race best at Runoffs 2019: 2:01.631 (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2020: 2:29.047 (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2021: 1:49.928 (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2022: 2:30.855 (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2023: 2:04.050 (Greg Ira)EP race best at Runoffs 2024: 2:27.869 (Tyler Ladd)EP race best at Runoffs 2025: 2:28.756 (Tyler Ladd)EP race best at Runoffs 2026: 2:27.869 (Jon Brakke)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 2:03.794 (Kip Van Steenburg)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 1:33.847 (Michael Galati)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 1:49.597 (Matt Reynolds)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 1:45.828 (Glen McCready)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 2:00.987 (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 2:27.322 (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 1:48.181 (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 2:02.326 (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 2:03.215 (John Hainsworth)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 2:26.803 (Tyler Ladd)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2025: 2:27.293 (Jon Brakke)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 2:29.239 (Jon Brakke)Daytona International Speedway · Runoffs 2015R2015Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course · Runoffs 2016R2016Indianapolis Motor Speedway · Runoffs 2017R2017Sonoma Raceway · Runoffs 2018R2018Virginia International Raceway · Runoffs 2019R2019Road America · Runoffs 2020R2020Indianapolis Motor Speedway · Runoffs 2021R2021Virginia International Raceway · Runoffs 2022R2022Virginia International Raceway · Runoffs 2023R2023Road America · Runoffs 2024R2024Road America · Runoffs 2025R2025Road America · Runoffs 2026R2026
P2SRF3FVEPsolid race · dashed qualifying · slower is lower
100%110%120%130%28 rule changes between Runoffs 2018 and Runoffs 201928 ▾33 rule changes between Runoffs 2019 and Runoffs 202033 ▾28 rule changes between Runoffs 2020 and Runoffs 202128 ▾38 rule changes between Runoffs 2021 and Runoffs 202238 ▾25 rule changes between Runoffs 2022 and Runoffs 202325 ▾31 rule changes between Runoffs 2023 and Runoffs 202431 ▾18 rule changes between Runoffs 2024 and Runoffs 202518 ▾23 rule changes between Runoffs 2025 and Runoffs 202623 ▾P2 race best at Runoffs 2015: 100.0% of P2's (Jeff Shafer)P2 race best at Runoffs 2016: 100.0% of P2's (Jeff Shafer)P2 race best at Runoffs 2017: 100.0% of P2's (Jeff Shafer)P2 race best at Runoffs 2018: 100.0% of P2's (Chuck Bona)P2 race best at Runoffs 2019: 100.0% of P2's (Greg Gyann)P2 race best at Runoffs 2020: 100.0% of P2's (Robert Iversen)P2 race best at Runoffs 2021: 100.0% of P2's (Tim Day Jr)P2 race best at Runoffs 2022: 100.0% of P2's (Greg Gyann)P2 race best at Runoffs 2023: 100.0% of P2's (Lucian Pancea)P2 race best at Runoffs 2024: 100.0% of P2's (Bart Wolf)P2 race best at Runoffs 2026: 100.0% of P2's (Mike Reupert)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 100.0% of P2's (Chris Farrell)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 100.0% of P2's (Jeff Shafer)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 100.0% of P2's (Jeff Shafer)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 100.0% of P2's (Tim Day Jr)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 100.0% of P2's (Robert Iversen)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 100.0% of P2's (Robert Iversen)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 100.0% of P2's (Tim Day Jr)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 100.0% of P2's (Tim Day Jr)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 100.0% of P2's (Greg Gyann)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 100.0% of P2's (Bart Wolf)P2 qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 100.0% of P2's (Greg Gyann)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2015: 115.9% of P2's (Chad Galloway)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2016: 117.4% of P2's (Cliff White)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2017: 118.7% of P2's (Tray Ayres)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2018: 116.3% of P2's (TJ Acker)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2019: 113.1% of P2's (Bobby Sak)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2020: 116.4% of P2's (Justin Hille)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2021: 115.5% of P2's (John Black)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2022: 104.6% of P2's (Franklin Futrelle)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2023: 114.8% of P2's (David Ogburn)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2024: 115.4% of P2's (S Sandy Satullo III)SRF3 race best at Runoffs 2026: 115.3% of P2's (Peyton Long)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 115.0% of P2's (Kerry Jacobsen)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 117.7% of P2's (John Black)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 119.6% of P2's (John Black)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 119.5% of P2's (Robeson Clay Russell)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 114.2% of P2's (Brian Schofield)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 116.6% of P2's (TJ Acker)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 117.5% of P2's (Franklin Futrelle)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 115.0% of P2's (Franklin Futrelle)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 114.0% of P2's (Morgan Burkhard)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 116.0% of P2's (Denny Stripling)SRF3 qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 112.9% of P2's (Tyler Stephens)FV race best at Runoffs 2015: 125.6% of P2's (Andrew Whitston)FV race best at Runoffs 2016: 121.2% of P2's (Flinn Lazier)FV race best at Runoffs 2017: 125.3% of P2's (Michael Varacins)FV race best at Runoffs 2018: 123.4% of P2's (Alex Scaler)FV race best at Runoffs 2019: 125.4% of P2's (Zachary Whitston)FV race best at Runoffs 2020: 127.8% of P2's (Alex Scaler)FV race best at Runoffs 2021: 123.0% of P2's (Alex Scaler)FV race best at Runoffs 2022: 101.7% of P2's (Andrew Whitston)FV race best at Runoffs 2023: 125.5% of P2's (Andrew Abbott)FV race best at Runoffs 2024: 128.5% of P2's (Andrew Abbott)FV race best at Runoffs 2026: 127.7% of P2's (Brian Farnham)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 126.2% of P2's (Roger Siebenaler)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 122.1% of P2's (Alex Scaler)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 126.1% of P2's (Michael Varacins)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 126.9% of P2's (Skip Streets)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 124.4% of P2's (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 127.6% of P2's (Hunter Phelps-Barron)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 126.0% of P2's (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 125.6% of P2's (Brian Farnham)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 124.9% of P2's (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 127.7% of P2's (Andrew Whitston)FV qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 127.5% of P2's (Zachary Whitston)EP race best at Runoffs 2015: 111.4% of P2's (Kip Van Steenburg)EP race best at Runoffs 2016: 116.5% of P2's (Michael Galati)EP race best at Runoffs 2017: 119.4% of P2's (Matt Reynolds)EP race best at Runoffs 2018: 115.7% of P2's (Glen McCready)EP race best at Runoffs 2019: 110.3% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2020: 114.8% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2021: 115.3% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2022: 111.1% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP race best at Runoffs 2023: 114.0% of P2's (Greg Ira)EP race best at Runoffs 2024: 115.2% of P2's (Tyler Ladd)EP race best at Runoffs 2026: 114.2% of P2's (Jon Brakke)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2015: 110.7% of P2's (Kip Van Steenburg)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2016: 117.0% of P2's (Michael Galati)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2017: 119.4% of P2's (Matt Reynolds)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2018: 119.2% of P2's (Glen McCready)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2019: 110.9% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2020: 114.6% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2021: 116.0% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2022: 113.7% of P2's (Jesse Prather)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2023: 113.5% of P2's (John Hainsworth)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2024: 115.2% of P2's (Tyler Ladd)EP qualifying best at Runoffs 2026: 114.3% of P2's (Jon Brakke)Daytona International Speedway · Runoffs 2015R2015Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course · Runoffs 2016R2016Indianapolis Motor Speedway · Runoffs 2017R2017Sonoma Raceway · Runoffs 2018R2018Virginia International Raceway · Runoffs 2019R2019Road America · Runoffs 2020R2020Indianapolis Motor Speedway · Runoffs 2021R2021Virginia International Raceway · Runoffs 2022R2022Virginia International Raceway · Runoffs 2023R2023Road America · Runoffs 2024R2024Road America · Runoffs 2025R2025Road America · Runoffs 2026R2026
P2SRF3FVEPsolid race · dashed qualifying · each class's best lap as a share of P2's at the same event (the reference class, changeable above); 100% is level, less is quicker, so up the chart is quicker
EventP2SRF3FVEP
Qual best Race best Trap Qual best Race best Trap vs P2 % of P2 Qual best Race best Trap vs P2 % of P2 Qual best Race best Trap vs P2 % of P2 
Road America Runoffs 20262026-09-282:10.606Greg Gyann · fastest of 11 · top 5 within 5.3s+3.201s (+2.51%)2:09.441Mike Reupert · fastest of 11 · top 5 within 4.2s+1.119s (+0.87%)155.0Matt Strand+2.4 mph (+1.6%)2:27.443Tyler Stephens · fastest of 44 · top 5 within 0.3s-0.783s (-0.53%)2:29.257Peyton Long · fastest of 42 · top 5 within 0.3s-0.582s (-0.39%)134.1Bobby Sak+0.4 mph (+0.3%)+19.816squal +16.837s115.3%qual 112.9%2:46.536Zachary Whitston · fastest of 37 · top 5 within 1.7s+2.435s (+1.48%)2:45.272Brian Farnham · fastest of 34 · top 5 within 1.3s-1.464s (-0.88%)117.4Rick Shields+0.2 mph (+0.1%)+35.831squal +35.930s127.7%qual 127.5%2:29.239Jon Brakke · fastest of 15 · top 5 within 5.2s+1.946s (+1.32%)2:27.869Jon Brakke · fastest of 15 · top 5 within 5.2s-0.887s (-0.60%)137.0Jon Brakke-3.8 mph (-2.7%)+18.428squal +18.633s114.2%qual 114.3%
23 rule changes (SRF3: 2, EP: 21)6 weight · 5 induction · 4 engine · 1 suspension & brakes · 1 tyres & wheels · 3 wording · 3 othershowhide
  • EP Mini Cooper Compression Ratio #40517engine
  • EP 1996-2000 Honda Civic (CX, DX, VP, LX) with Engine Code D16Y7 #40322engine
  • EP 1275 Midget/Sprit Alternate intake manifold E/O #40370induction
  • EP HP Honda Civic (92-95) #40464weight -70 lbs
  • EP Honda S2000 Hardtop #40138other
  • EP Miata track width - errors and omissions #39976wording
  • EP Triumph GT6 Spec Change. #40098induction
  • SRF3 SRF3 Spark Plugs #39899other
  • EP Request to Update E30 BMW Throttle Body Diameter Verbiage #39363induction
  • EP TR2 Notes E&O #39180weight
  • EP Balance of Power #39187weight +50 lbs
  • EP Please Lower Weight of 280Z #38871weight -160 lbs
  • EP Miata Weight Adjustment Follow Up #38949weight -25 lbs
  • EP Weight Break for 1098 Midget / Sprite #38970weight -80 lbs
  • EP HP Volvo 142 spec omission #38994engine
  • EP HP Mini DOHC 1.6 #38996engine
  • EP Add to Rabbit description #39019wording
  • EP Clean-up 9.1.5.E.7e #39025suspension & brakes
  • EP Add TB size to Ford Mustang (94-98) Spec Line #39130induction
  • EP HP Plymouth Arrow spec omission #38995wording
  • EP Add Wheel Diameter to Appendix G #39008tyres & wheels
  • EP Add TB ID tolerance to general Prod rules #39009induction
  • SRF3 Add HD Oil Cooler #38979other
Road America Runoffs 20252025-09-292:28.226Bobby Sak · fastest of 43 · top 5 within 0.6s+0.453s (+0.31%)2:29.839Morgan Burkhard · fastest of 42 · top 5 within 0.3s+1.710s (+1.15%)133.7Bobby Sak-1.5 mph (-1.1%)2:44.101Andrew Abbott · fastest of 34 · top 5 within 1.3s+1.458s (+0.90%)2:46.736Zachary Whitston · fastest of 29 · top 5 within 0.6s+1.902s (+1.15%)117.2Zachary Whitston+0.7 mph (+0.6%)2:27.293Jon Brakke · fastest of 21 · top 5 within 2.1s+0.490s (+0.33%)2:28.756Tyler Ladd · fastest of 19 · top 5 within 1.9s+0.887s (+0.60%)140.8Jon Brakke+0.1 mph (+0.1%)
18 rule changes (P2: 1, SRF3: 3, EP: 14)9 weight · 3 induction · 1 cars added · 1 wording · 4 othershowhide
  • SRF3 SRF Rule Updates #38853weight
  • EP BMW Z4 update #38490induction
  • EP EP Fiat 124 Spider Competition Adjustment Request #38498weight -50 lbs
  • EP Base Weight Adjustment for H-Production X1/9 Spec Lines #38255weight -50 lbs
  • EP Request for Classification of Chevrolet Spark #37755cars added
  • EP Request to Lower Ford Festiva Minimum Weight to 1600 LBS #37939weight -100 lbs
  • SRF3 Driver Safety & Comfort #37966other
  • SRF3 Update SADEV transmission specs #37992other
  • EP Request Competition Adjustment to BMW Z3 2.5L #37120induction
  • EP Interpretation of Production Rules on Mirrors #37235other
  • EP Weight Reduction for Honda S2000 #37466weight
  • EP Mazda 1999 Miata 1.8L #37488weight -50 lbs
  • EP Effective date for Jan 2025 GCR updates #37654induction
  • EP Request to Reduce Weight of BMW 325i/is E30 (84-91) Spec Line #37119weight -50 lbs
  • EP Triumph GT6 Adjustments #37112weight
  • P2 2000 cc Pinto Engine Car Weight #37187weight
  • EP 1275 HP Spridget Level 2 Only #36518other
  • EP NA Miata Track Width Correction #36902wording
Road America Runoffs 20242024-10-012:07.405Bart Wolf · fastest of 14 · top 5 within 3.0s-1.109s (-0.86%)2:08.322Bart Wolf · fastest of 13 · top 5 within 0.6s-1.471s (-1.13%)152.5Lucian Pancea-0.6 mph (-0.4%)2:27.773Denny Stripling · fastest of 57 · top 5 within 0.3s-2.013s (-1.34%)2:28.129S Sandy Satullo III · fastest of 52 · top 5 within 0.7s-2.909s (-1.93%)135.2Denny Stripling+3.4 mph (+2.6%)+19.807squal +20.368s115.4%qual 116.0%2:42.643Andrew Whitston · fastest of 27 · top 5 within 2.3s-1.351s (-0.82%)2:44.834Andrew Abbott · fastest of 27 · top 5 within 0.9s-0.982s (-0.59%)116.5Brian Farnham-0.7 mph (-0.6%)+36.512squal +35.238s128.5%qual 127.7%2:26.803Tyler Ladd · fastest of 16 · top 5 within 4.1s-0.519s (-0.35%)2:27.869Tyler Ladd · fastest of 16 · top 5 within 3.6s-1.178s (-0.79%)140.7Bill Miller-1.0 mph (-0.7%)+19.547squal +19.398s115.2%qual 115.2%
31 rule changes (P2: 5, SRF3: 10, FV: 2, EP: 14)9 weight · 6 engine · 5 tyres & wheels · 4 suspension & brakes · 2 cars added · 1 induction · 1 wording · 3 othershowhide
  • FV Disc Brakes #36822suspension & brakes
  • SRF3 Update SRF3 Air Filter Rule #36681other
  • SRF3 Update SRF Brake Rotor Thickness #36687suspension & brakes
  • SRF3 Hoosier Tire Decal Placement #36739tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 Update to Letter 36619 with new Hoosier Contingency Decal Info #36624tyres & wheels
  • EP Errant entry in HP production line item #36231other
  • SRF3 Update Rain Tire Rule and Hoosier Decal Placement #36436tyres & wheels
  • EP NIssan 300ZX Z31 to EP #35830cars added
  • EP RX7 1993 and Up Request In EP Spec Lines, classify #36031cars added
  • EP Clean-up Multiple EP RX-8 Spec Lines In EP #36156wording
  • SRF3 SRF3 Alternator Pulley Update In #36095weight
  • P2 CN Spec ECU #35835engine
  • P2 E&O - Correct FIA Group CN spec line notes #35900tyres & wheels
  • EP GCR Correction - Redundant HP Spec Lines #35623engine
  • EP Update 1988-1991 Civic to Match 1988-1991 CRX #35399weight
  • EP Request to Review Z3 2.5 Spec Line #35073weight +50 lbs
  • EP Miata Alternate Head #35253weight -50 lbs
  • EP Triumph GT6 Adjustments #35255weight
  • EP Honda S2000 throttle body #35272induction
  • EP Correction within Triumph TR8 Spec Line #35315engine
  • EP Correction to EP 924S/944 Spec Line #35317weight
  • P2 E&O - Clarify B.1 modified engine range in AMAC spec lines #35225engine
  • P2 Replacement Engine Crankcase for 07/08 Suzuki GSX-R1000 Engines #35340engine
  • SRF3 Update SRF Rain / Brake Rule #34706suspension & brakes
  • SRF3 Update SRF Brake Light Rule v1 #34853suspension & brakes
  • SRF3 SRF / SRF3 Rule Updates #35268weight
  • EP Porsche 944/924S Rule Change Request #35002weight
  • EP Triumph GT6 Adjustments #35054weight -30 lbs
  • FV FV Wheel Bearing Clarification #35150tyres & wheels
  • P2 Correct Table 1 for Engine Date Range Specifications #35182engine
  • SRF3 SRF Radiator Rule Update #34805other
Virginia International Raceway Runoffs 20232023-09-231:48.590Greg Gyann · fastest of 12 · top 5 within 1.7s+1.024s (+0.95%)1:48.829Lucian Pancea · fastest of 11 · top 5 within 0.9s-27.005s (-19.88%)150.9Lucian Pancea-0.2 mph (-0.2%)2:03.842Morgan Burkhard · fastest of 40 · top 5 within 0.2s+0.126s (+0.10%)2:04.911David Ogburn · fastest of 39 · top 5 within 0.3s-17.155s (-12.08%)134.5Bobby Sak+0.1 mph (+0.0%)+16.082squal +15.252s114.8%qual 114.0%2:15.639Andrew Whitston · fastest of 27 · top 5 within 1.4s+0.523s (+0.39%)2:16.611Andrew Abbott · fastest of 23 · top 5 within 1.6s-1.482s (-1.07%)115.6Brian Farnham-0.2 mph (-0.2%)+27.782squal +27.049s125.5%qual 124.9%2:03.215John Hainsworth · fastest of 24 · top 5 within 4.3s+0.889s (+0.73%)2:04.050Greg Ira · fastest of 22 · top 5 within 5.3s-26.805s (-17.77%)144.6Greg Ira+3.1 mph (+2.2%)+15.221squal +14.625s114.0%qual 113.5%
25 rule changes (P2: 8, SRF3: 4, EP: 13)5 engine · 5 weight · 4 tyres & wheels · 3 induction · 3 suspension & brakes · 1 cars added · 2 wording · 2 othershowhide
  • EP Hub Note Clean Up In EP TR8 Spec Line #34649wording
  • EP Triumph GT6 Adjustments #34662other
  • EP Triumph GT6 Adjustments: Brakes #34663suspension & brakes
  • EP Correct Intake Valve Size on 1500cc Midget/Spitfire #34419induction
  • EP 914-6 Valve Size Correction #34185engine
  • SRF3 Hoosier SRF Wet Front Tire Rule Update #34189tyres & wheels
  • P2 Clarify minimum side body height requirement #34143tyres & wheels
  • P2 Clarify closed cockpit single seat car allowance #34144wording
  • SRF3 Update SRF Front W2 Rain Tire Part Number #34118tyres & wheels
  • EP Investigate Parity of Z3 #33343induction
  • P2 Remove redundant effective date language and update engine table #34012engine
  • P2 E&O - Correct dimensional equivalents #34038weight
  • SRF3 Update SRF Brake Rule #33469suspension & brakes
  • SRF3 Update SRF Bodywork Fitment Rule #33765tyres & wheels
  • EP Revise 79-85 RX7 Brake Spec Line Allowance #33293suspension & brakes
  • EP Request alternate carburetors for EP 280z #33405engine
  • EP Fuel Injection 12a Mazda RX3 #33434engine
  • EP Mazda RX3 - Weight Reduction #33436weight -50 lbs
  • EP Request TR8 Dry Sump Allowance #33460other
  • EP Review Limited Prep Port Matching Rules #33600induction
  • EP 280ZX Classification Request #33611weight
  • P2 Request to Classify Sebeco NP01 #33378cars added
  • P2 Radical spec line clarifications #33485weight
  • P2 E&O original class intent #33519weight
  • P2 Update Engine Table Spec Line B.1 #33608engine
Virginia International Raceway Runoffs 20222022-09-241:47.566Tim Day Jr · fastest of 12 · top 5 within 3.0s-1.545s (-1.42%)2:15.834Greg Gyann · fastest of 12 · top 5 within 10.1s+25.576s (+23.20%)151.1Robert Iversen+1.8 mph (+1.2%)2:03.716Franklin Futrelle · fastest of 44 · top 5 within 0.6s-0.908s (-0.73%)2:22.066Franklin Futrelle · fastest of 40 · top 5 within 1.2s+17.311s (+13.88%)134.5David Ogburn+2.1 mph (+1.6%)+6.232squal +16.150s104.6%qual 115.0%2:15.116Brian Farnham · fastest of 29 · top 5 within 1.1s-0.596s (-0.44%)2:18.093Andrew Whitston · fastest of 28 · top 5 within 1.2s-0.196s (-0.14%)115.8Jonathan Weisheit+1.1 mph (+0.9%)+2.259squal +27.550s101.7%qual 125.6%2:02.326Jesse Prather · fastest of 17 · top 5 within 3.2s+1.339s (+1.11%)2:30.855Jesse Prather · fastest of 15 · top 5 within 2.5s+29.224s (+24.03%)141.5Jesse Prather-6.0 mph (-4.1%)+15.021squal +14.760s111.1%qual 113.7%
38 rule changes (P2: 10, SRF3: 3, FV: 4, EP: 21)9 weight · 6 engine · 6 induction · 6 tyres & wheels · 3 cars added · 1 aero · 1 suspension & brakes · 2 wording · 4 othershowhide
  • EP Request to classify VW New Beetle 2.5L in EP #32725cars added
  • EP Request Rotary Injection on Dual Y manifold #32775engine
  • EP Request for Corrado Stroke & Displacement Correction #32985engine
  • EP Subaru BRZ Model Years #32500other
  • SRF3 SRF Tire Rule Update #32614tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 Brake, seal, and air filter clarifications #32670suspension & brakes
  • EP EP MX-5 Global Cup Car #32218weight
  • EP Please Class BMW 128i in EP #32370cars added
  • EP Inconsistency in Body Work Descriptions #32396other
  • P2 E&O Clarification of Chassis Construction Requirements #32469tyres & wheels
  • P2 Clean up P2 wording #32525wording
  • EP Mazda RX8 with 13b Rotary #32170induction
  • EP Request Idle control valve clarification #32178engine
  • P2 After Market to Aftermarket #32373other
  • EP EP Adjustments #31858induction
  • EP 1999 3.8L Ford Mustang to EP? #31635weight
  • EP Improved Touring Tires #32064tyres & wheels
  • FV Connecting Rod Update Request for 9.1.1.C Formula Vee (FV) 5.C.6 #32160weight
  • FV E&O clarification of connecting rod center-to-center length #32183weight
  • P2 Add spec line for Beasley B2 #32147weight
  • P2 E&O Table 1 spec line wing terminology #32148aero
  • P2 E&O class name #32196other
  • EP Throttle Body and Idle Air #31800induction
  • EP Porsche 968 Engine Questions #31831engine
  • EP Request weight reduction for 1979-1985 Mazda RX-7 #31833weight
  • P2 E&O Engine section #31969engine
  • EP Porsche 968 Engine Questions #31478induction
  • EP PCS E. 2. n. 4. Add Axle Shaft to Allow FWD the Same Freedom #31592tyres & wheels
  • EP BMW Z3 2.5L Spec Line #31724induction
  • FV Update direct replacement connecting rod information #31843weight
  • P2 E&O letter #31539 – Control Area definition #31783tyres & wheels
  • EP 944S2 Restrictor #31396induction
  • EP Classing Clarification for 1986 Toyota Corolla FX16 #31527cars added
  • FV Formula V Connecting Rod Replacement #31448weight
  • P2 BoP adjustment effective 1-1-22 #31538engine
  • P2 E&O clarification of "Control Area" definition #31539tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 Three Updates to SRF Rules #31523weight
  • EP E&O; MR2 Track #31120wording
Indianapolis Motor Speedway Runoffs 20212021-09-251:33.235Tim Day Jr · fastest of 16 · top 5 within 3.3s+1.409s (+1.53%)1:35.322Tim Day Jr · fastest of 10 · top 5 within 4.8s+2.841s (+3.07%)150.3Robert Iversen1:49.520Franklin Futrelle · fastest of 84 · top 5 within 0.5s-0.304s (-0.28%)1:50.095John Black · fastest of 82 · top 5 within 0.2s+0.313s (+0.29%)132.1Matthew Horst+14.773squal +16.285s115.5%qual 117.5%1:57.479Andrew Whitston · fastest of 48 · top 5 within 0.8s+1.720s (+1.49%)1:57.234Alex Scaler · fastest of 47 · top 5 within 1.0s+1.311s (+1.13%)124.0Mark Edwards+21.912squal +24.244s123.0%qual 126.0%1:48.181Jesse Prather · fastest of 31 · top 5 within 3.2s-1.416s (-1.29%)1:49.928Jesse Prather · fastest of 27 · top 5 within 0.9s-0.468s (-0.42%)143.4Jon Brakke+14.606squal +14.946s115.3%qual 116.0%
28 rule changes (P2: 8, SRF3: 6, EP: 14)7 engine · 6 weight · 3 cars added · 3 suspension & brakes · 2 induction · 2 tyres & wheels · 1 wording · 4 othershowhide
  • P2 P2 CN Engine Rebuild Clarification #31000engine
  • EP Request to Allow F22c Engine for 2000-2003 Honda S2000 #30548engine
  • EP Request a review of the S14 240SX in EP. #30873weight -200 lbs
  • P2 F5 P2 Conversion #30856other
  • P2 Clarify minimum body width requirement #30859tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 SRF Wet Tires #30849tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 SADEV-SRF3 Transmission #30926other
  • SRF3 SRF Update Maintenance, Repairs and Seals #30961engine
  • EP Lotus/Caterham 7 America Request #30392engine
  • EP Reclassify Daimler SP 250 #30721cars added
  • EP Clarify Application of Percentage Based Weight Penalties #30669weight
  • SRF3 SRF3 Alternator Pulley #30684weight
  • EP Change Classification of 84-87 Mazda 626 from FP to HP #30350cars added
  • EP Fiat X1/9 brake rotors #30423suspension & brakes
  • EP NC MX-5 year range correction E&O #30503wording
  • P2 E&O tonneau cover provision in cockpit opening section #30459other
  • P2 Remove effective dates in Table 1 #30468other
  • P2 E&O Maximum Valves Per Cylinder #30560engine
  • EP Please Classify Mazda3 in FP #30165cars added
  • P2 Add a new spec line for a 2-cycle, 3-cylinder engine up to 820cc #30272engine
  • SRF3 Mandatory identification: #30223engine
  • EP Alternate Front Brake Rotors and Calipers for EP AH 3000 #29893suspension & brakes
  • EP Mk2 VW Consistency and Cleanup of FP and HP Spec Lines #29195weight -50 lbs
  • EP Correct Wording for Level 1 and Level 2 Induction Systems #29406induction
  • EP Weight Reduction for Datsun Roadster #29409weight -75 lbs
  • EP EP TR8 Adjustment #29512weight -100 lbs
  • P2 Balance of Performance adjustments effective 01-01-2021 #29822induction
  • SRF3 SRF Shocks, Springs and Ride Height. #29688suspension & brakes
Road America Runoffs 20202020-10-022:08.514Robert Iversen · fastest of 12 · top 5 within 3.0s2:09.793Robert Iversen · fastest of 12 · top 5 within 3.9s153.1Robert Iversen2:29.786TJ Acker · fastest of 59 · top 5 within 0.5s2:31.038Justin Hille · fastest of 55 · top 5 within 0.2s131.9Charles Russell Turner+21.245squal +21.272s116.4%qual 116.6%2:43.994Hunter Phelps-Barron · fastest of 28 · top 5 within 0.6s2:45.816Alex Scaler · fastest of 24 · top 5 within 1.5s117.1Hunter Phelps-Barron+36.023squal +35.480s127.8%qual 127.6%2:27.322Jesse Prather · fastest of 20 · top 5 within 2.5s2:29.047Jesse Prather · fastest of 20 · top 5 within 2.8s141.7Jesse Prather+19.254squal +18.808s114.8%qual 114.6%
33 rule changes (P2: 6, SRF3: 7, FV: 6, EP: 14)8 tyres & wheels · 7 induction · 6 engine · 5 suspension & brakes · 3 cars added · 1 aero · 1 weight · 1 wording · 1 othershowhide
  • EP 84-87 Toyota Corolla HP Wheel Diameter Allowance Proposal E&O #29458tyres & wheels
  • P2 E&O clarification of P2 rear wing requirements #29205aero
  • EP EP BMW Z3 Rule Clarification #28998engine
  • EP Request to Classify Porsche 911 2.0L #28456cars added
  • FV Support for Recommended Item - 4 bolt wheels in FV #29084tyres & wheels
  • FV Support for 4-bolt pattern wheels #28955 #29118tyres & wheels
  • EP BMW Cylinder Head Casting and Part Numbers #28708engine
  • P2 Classify Elan NP01 in P2 Table 1 #28812cars added
  • SRF3 SRF Shocks #28791suspension & brakes
  • EP Request to Classify 1990-1994 Mazda Protege #28381cars added
  • EP Error in Mini Cooper Spec Line #28713wording
  • P2 SCCA Enterprises ESR / P2 engine restrictor testing #28669induction
  • SRF3 Update Bump Stop Rule #28712suspension & brakes
  • SRF3 SRF Bump Stop Correction #27019suspension & brakes
  • EP Caterham 7 Spec Line #28498engine
  • P2 Add ESR inlet restrictor #27869induction
  • EP Request to Review Horsepower Parity #27662induction
  • EP E36 (92-95) Brakes Errors and Omissions #28058suspension & brakes
  • EP Request to allow 40 DCOE carb for the Datsun 510 #28195induction
  • EP Add Throttle Body Size these EP BMW Spec Lines #28422induction
  • FV Update rain tire designation #28444tyres & wheels
  • P2 Request for Fly by Wire Rule Wording Change #28247engine
  • EP Request for Help for Datsun 1200 #27934induction
  • EP Request to List Mazda Miata Throttle Body Size #27907induction
  • FV FV Allow non-spec tire in Regional competition #26284tyres & wheels
  • FV Request to Allow Rear Tires on the Front of Formula Vee #26537tyres & wheels
  • P2 Request for addition of BMW Engine in P2 Engine Table #27821engine
  • SRF3 SRF Rain / Brake Rule - BoD approved as follows #34958suspension & brakes
  • EP Re-organize Prep2 Cylinder Head Rules for Clarity & Consistency #27661engine
  • FV Clarification on Wheel Bolt Pattern #27603tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 SRF Tire Warmer Rule #27622tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 SRF / SRF3 Nose Weight Reduction #27706weight
  • SRF3 SRF / SRF3 Majors & Regional Class Updates #27723other
Virginia International Raceway Runoffs 20192019-10-051:49.111Robert Iversen · fastest of 14 · top 5 within 0.8s1:50.258Greg Gyann · fastest of 13 · top 5 within 0.4s149.4Robert Iversen2:04.624Brian Schofield · fastest of 54 · top 5 within 0.6s2:04.755Bobby Sak · fastest of 53 · top 5 within 0.3s132.4Bobby Sak+14.497squal +15.513s113.1%qual 114.2%2:15.712Andrew Whitston · fastest of 26 · top 5 within 1.5s2:18.289Zachary Whitston · fastest of 19 · top 5 within 0.4s114.8Roger Siebenaler+28.031squal +26.601s125.4%qual 124.4%2:00.987Jesse Prather · fastest of 29 · top 5 within 2.2s2:01.631Jesse Prather · fastest of 24 · top 5 within 1.4s147.5Kip Van Steenburg+11.373squal +11.876s110.3%qual 110.9%
28 rule changes (P2: 9, SRF3: 3, FV: 6, EP: 10)5 engine · 5 induction · 3 suspension & brakes · 3 tyres & wheels · 3 weight · 1 cars added · 1 wording · 7 othershowhide
  • FV Allowed Modifications E&O #27398other
  • P2 Update Engine Table Line E notes #27414engine
  • EP Request bodywork for Austin Healey Bugeye Sprite MK1 #27106other
  • EP Request to classify the GMX5 2019 #27263cars added
  • EP level one susp. component rule #27270suspension & brakes
  • EP Clarification of Carb Rules - Prep 1 #27300induction
  • EP Clarification of Carb Rules - Prep 2 #27301induction
  • FV E&O Wheels #27230tyres & wheels
  • P2 Update P2 Engine Table spec lines to reflect 3/1/2019 #27254engine
  • EP Request Miata Eligibility - 2003 #27121other
  • P2 E&O Transmissions #27006tyres & wheels
  • SRF3 SRF Dash Windscreen Kit #27028other
  • P2 Request to restrict all cars #26246weight
  • FV Exhaust termination rule E&O #26702other
  • SRF3 New SRF Sectional Nose Rule Addition #26914other
  • EP Allow Firewall Modification for Fitment of 13B into RX8 #26726engine
  • FV E&O Dimensions #26674other
  • SRF3 SRF Brakes and Shock Rule Changes #26629suspension & brakes
  • EP Rollcenter Correction Clarification #25873tyres & wheels
  • EP Hardtops #26476wording
  • FV Request to clarify Disc Brake rules bearing retainer & weights #26262suspension & brakes
  • EP Request for Competition Adjustment for 2nd Generation RX7 #25935weight -50 lbs
  • P2 Change Engine Table Lines B.1 & B.5 #25777engine
  • P2 Change Line A.1 restrictor size #26429induction
  • FV FV Intake Manifold Clarification #26008induction
  • P2 Request to Allow 1345cc Hayabusa Engines for Spec Line P2 Cars #25595engine
  • P2 Change CN inlet restrictor implementation date #25816induction
  • P2 Clarify Honda K20A-FD2 parts requirement #25950weight
Sonoma Raceway Runoffs 20182018-10-101:28.784Tim Day Jr · fastest of 17 · top 5 within 5.0s1:32.071Chuck Bona · fastest of 18 · top 5 within 0.9s144.4Tim Day Jr1:46.117Robeson Clay Russell · fastest of 36 · top 5 within 0.5s1:47.053TJ Acker · fastest of 35 · top 5 within 0.2s110.2Steve Fogg+14.982squal +17.333s116.3%qual 119.5%1:52.637Skip Streets · fastest of 29 · top 5 within 1.6s1:53.639Alex Scaler · fastest of 28 · top 5 within 0.4s106.3Skip Streets+21.568squal +23.853s123.4%qual 126.9%1:45.828Glen McCready · fastest of 18 · top 5 within 4.3s1:46.518Glen McCready · fastest of 16 · top 5 within 2.8s106.5Aaron Downey+14.447squal +17.044s115.7%qual 119.2%
No rule changes on record between these events
Indianapolis Motor Speedway Runoffs 20172017-09-251:31.826Jeff Shafer · fastest of 26 · top 5 within 4.9s1:32.481Jeff Shafer · fastest of 24 · top 5 within 3.8s1:49.824John Black · fastest of 101 · top 5 within 0.5s1:49.782Tray Ayres · fastest of 94 · top 5 within 0.4s+17.301squal +17.998s118.7%qual 119.6%1:55.759Michael Varacins · fastest of 39 · top 5 within 1.0s1:55.923Michael Varacins · fastest of 32 · top 5 within 1.3s+23.442squal +23.933s125.3%qual 126.1%1:49.597Matt Reynolds · fastest of 44 · top 5 within 1.2s1:50.396Matt Reynolds · fastest of 45 · top 5 within 0.5s+17.915squal +17.771s119.4%qual 119.4%
No rule changes on record between these events
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course Runoffs 20162016-09-191:20.188Jeff Shafer · fastest of 18 · top 5 within 4.0s1:20.904Jeff Shafer · fastest of 16 · top 5 within 2.2s1:34.363John Black · fastest of 41 · top 5 within 0.5s1:34.947Cliff White · fastest of 39 · top 5 within 0.3s+14.043squal +14.175s117.4%qual 117.7%1:37.942Alex Scaler · fastest of 41 · top 5 within 0.3s1:38.066Flinn Lazier · fastest of 38 · top 5 within 0.7s+17.162squal +17.754s121.2%qual 122.1%1:33.847Michael Galati · fastest of 25 · top 5 within 0.8s1:34.266Michael Galati · fastest of 23 · top 5 within 1.3s+13.362squal +13.659s116.5%qual 117.0%
No rule changes on record between these events
Daytona International Speedway Runoffs 20152015-09-211:51.825Chris Farrell · fastest of 17 · top 5 within 3.6s1:52.355Jeff Shafer · fastest of 17 · top 5 within 2.8s2:08.557Kerry Jacobsen · fastest of 29 · top 5 within 1.1s2:10.215Chad Galloway · fastest of 29 · top 5 within 0.3s+17.860squal +16.732s115.9%qual 115.0%2:21.167Roger Siebenaler · fastest of 31 · top 5 within 0.8s2:21.142Andrew Whitston · fastest of 30 · top 5 within 1.1s+28.787squal +29.342s125.6%qual 126.2%2:03.794Kip Van Steenburg · fastest of 29 · top 5 within 3.2s2:05.109Kip Van Steenburg · fastest of 28 · top 5 within 3.3s+12.754squal +11.969s111.4%qual 110.7%

By track

TrackEvents Typical % of P2 Best Latest 
Road America4100.0%3 of 4 with P2100.0%Runoffs 2020100.0%Runoffs 2026
Virginia International Raceway3100.0%100.0%Runoffs 2019100.0%Runoffs 2023
Indianapolis Motor Speedway2100.0%100.0%Runoffs 2017100.0%Runoffs 2021
Daytona International Speedway1100.0%100.0%Runoffs 2015100.0%Runoffs 2015
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course1100.0%100.0%Runoffs 2016100.0%Runoffs 2016
Sonoma Raceway1100.0%100.0%Runoffs 2018100.0%Runoffs 2018
About this data
Every event the class ran, at any track, oldest to newest on the chart and newest first in the table. Each point is the class's best lap as a share of P2's best on the same day: the weather and the day cancel out, so one figure compares across years where lap times cannot; a class that suits one track more than another still reads differently there. It still moves when the yardstick's own balance changes or its field thins, and an event the yardstick did not run has no point. A best from fewer than three cars is greyed. The rule changes that took effect between two events are folded between their rows.